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1 complementary degree
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > complementary degree
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2 complementary degree
Математика: дополнительная степень -
3 complementary degree
English-Russian scientific dictionary > complementary degree
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4 degree
1) градус2) матем. степень; порядок3) сорт, качество4) диплом5) степень, уровень; ступень•degrees to port — мор. градусы левого борта
degrees to starboard — мор. градусы правого борта
to some degree — до некоторой степени; в известной мере
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5 дополнительная степень
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > дополнительная степень
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6 graph
1) граф2) график; кривая || строить график; вычерчивать кривую3) диаграмма || представлять в виде диаграммы4) вчт моносимвольная графема, граф•- graph of strictly partial order
- acyclic graph
- alternating graph
- alternating-composition graph
- animated bar graph
- area graph
- associated undirected graph
- atomic graph
- attachment graph
- balanced signed graph
- bar graph
- basis graph
- bicolorable graph
- bicolored graph
- bipartite graph
- block graph
- bunch graph
- Cayley's graph
- circuit closed graph
- circuit connected graph
- circuit-free graph
- clique graph
- color graph
- colored graph
- column graph
- columnar graph
- communication graph
- complete graph
- connected graph
- converse graph
- coordinate graph
- critical graph
- current graph
- cyclic graph
- data flow graph
- Desargues' graph
- descendence graph
- directed graph
- dual Y-axis graph
- Euler graph
- Eulerian graph
- even graph
- exclusion graph
- exploded pie graph
- finite graph
- flat graph
- fractal graph
- function graph
- fuzzy graph
- general graph
- graceful graph
- Hamilton graph
- Hamiltonian graph
- high/low/close/open graph
- HLCO graph
- horizontal bar graph
- identity graph
- implication graph
- infinite graph
- interaction graph
- interchange graph
- interval graph
- isomorphic graph
- k-chromatic graph
- k-colorable graph
- k-edge connected graph
- knot graph
- labeled graph
- labeled semantic graph
- levelized graph
- line graph
- linked pie-column graph
- line-symmetric graph
- lobe graph
- locally finite graph
- locally restricted graph
- logarithmic graph
- l-vertex connected graph
- maximal strongly singular graph
- mixed graph
- mixed column/line graph
- m-partite graph
- multidimensional graph
- mutually connected graph
- net graph
- network graph
- nonseparable graph
- numbered undirected graph
- one hundred percent column graph
- one-way graph
- operator graph
- oriented graph
- paired bar graph
- paired pie graph
- Pappus' graph
- Petersen graph
- phonetic graph
- picture graph
- pie graph
- planar graph
- plane graph
- point-symmetric graph
- proportional pie graph
- R-graph
- recursively structured graph
- reduced-flow graph
- region adjacency graph
- regular graph of degree n
- reproduction graph
- rigid circuit graph
- rooted graph
- scatter graph
- sectional graph
- self-complementary graph
- selt-negational signed graph
- semilogarithmic graph
- signal graph
- signal-flow graph
- signed graph
- signed labeled graph
- singular graph
- spanning graph
- stacked column graph
- star graph
- state graph
- strongly cyclically closed graph
- strongly cyclic edge connected graph
- subdivision graph
- symmetric graph
- total graph
- transaction graph
- transition graph
- transitive graph
- transmission graph
- tripartite graph
- two-dimensional lattice graph
- two-partite graph
- undirected graph
- unicyclic graph
- vertex critical graph
- vertical bar graph
- x-y graph -
7 graph
1) граф2) график; кривая || строить график; вычерчивать кривую3) диаграмма || представлять в виде диаграммы4) вчт. моносимвольная графема, граф•- alternating graph
- alternating-composition graph
- animated bar graph
- area graph
- associated undirected graph
- atomic graph
- attachment graph
- balanced signed graph
- bar graph
- basis graph
- bicolorable graph
- bicolored graph
- bipartite graph
- block graph
- bunch graph
- Cayley's graph
- circuit closed graph
- circuit connected graph
- circuit-free graph
- clique graph
- color graph
- colored graph
- column graph
- columnar graph
- communication graph
- complete graph
- connected graph
- converse graph
- coordinate graph
- critical graph
- current graph
- cyclic graph
- data flow graph
- Desargues' graph
- descendence graph
- directed graph
- dual Y-axis graph
- Euler graph
- Eulerian graph
- even graph
- exclusion graph
- exploded pie graph
- finite graph
- flat graph
- fractal graph
- function graph
- fuzzy graph
- general graph
- graceful graph
- graph of contiguous channels
- graph of strictly partial order
- Hamilton graph
- Hamiltonian graph
- high/low/close/open graph
- HLCO graph
- horizontal bar graph
- identity graph
- implication graph
- infinite graph
- interaction graph
- interchange graph
- interval graph
- isomorphic graph
- k-chromatic graph
- k-colorable graph
- k-edge connected graph
- knot graph
- labeled graph
- labeled semantic graph
- levelized graph
- line graph
- line-symmetric graph
- linked pie-column graph
- lobe graph
- locally finite graph
- locally restricted graph
- logarithmic graph
- l-vertex connected graph
- maximal strongly singular graph
- mixed column/line graph
- mixed graph
- m-partite graph
- multidimensional graph
- mutually connected graph
- net graph
- network graph
- nonseparable graph
- numbered undirected graph
- one hundred percent column graph
- one-way graph
- operator graph
- oriented graph
- paired bar graph
- paired pie graph
- Pappus' graph
- Petersen graph
- phonetic graph
- picture graph
- pie graph
- planar graph
- plane graph
- point-symmetric graph
- proportional pie graph
- recursively structured graph
- reduced-flow graph
- region adjacency graph
- regular graph of degree n
- reproduction graph
- R-graph
- rigid circuit graph
- rooted graph
- scatter graph
- sectional graph
- self-complementary graph
- selt-negational signed graph
- semilogarithmic graph
- signal graph
- signal-flow graph
- signed graph
- signed labeled graph
- singular graph
- spanning graph
- stacked column graph
- star graph
- state graph
- strongly cyclic edge connected graph
- strongly cyclically closed graph
- subdivision graph
- symmetric graph
- total graph
- transaction graph
- transition graph
- transitive graph
- transmission graph
- tripartite graph
- two-dimensional lattice graph
- two-partite graph
- undirected graph
- unicyclic graph
- vertex critical graph
- vertical bar graph
- x-y graphThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > graph
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8 graph
1) график; диаграмма; кривая; номограмма2) граф3) лингв. вариант графемы•- acyclic graph
- alternating graph
- AND-OR graph
- bar graph - bipartite graph
- bunch graph
- Caley graph
- circuit-free graph
- circulant graph
- circular graph
- closed graph
- color graph
- complementary graph
- complete graph
- computation graph
- connected graph
- connectivity graph
- control flow graph
- data flow program graph
- data-flow graph - directed graph
- E-graph
- extremal graph
- finite graph
- flat graph
- flow graph
- game graph
- harward graph
- indirected graph
- infinite graph
- information graph
- irregular graph
- labeled graph
- line graph
- linear graph
- locally finite graph
- marked points graph
- monochromatic graph
- multidimensional graph
- N-chromatic graph
- network graph
- net graph
- node-symmetric graph
- object graph
- ordered graph
- oriented graph
- pattern graph
- planar graph
- processing graph
- product graph
- regular graph of degree N
- regular graph
- scene graph
- section graph
- signal-flow graph
- singular graph
- software graph
- spectral decision graph
- stacked bar graph
- stacked graph
- state graph
- strongly connected graph
- task graph
- total graph
- transaction graph
- transition graph
- tree graph
- two-dimensional graph
- undirected graph
- vertex-weighted graph
- weighted directed graph
- word graphEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > graph
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9 arc
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10 minor
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11 symmetry
2) симметрия•- symmetry of metric spacesymmetry about unit circle — симметрия относительно единичной окружности, инверсия
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12 Intelligence
There is no mystery about it: the child who is familiar with books, ideas, conversation-the ways and means of the intellectual life-before he begins school, indeed, before he begins consciously to think, has a marked advantage. He is at home in the House of intellect just as the stableboy is at home among horses, or the child of actors on the stage. (Barzun, 1959, p. 142)It is... no exaggeration to say that sensory-motor intelligence is limited to desiring success or practical adaptation, whereas the function of verbal or conceptual thought is to know and state truth. (Piaget, 1954, p. 359)ntelligence has two parts, which we shall call the epistemological and the heuristic. The epistemological part is the representation of the world in such a form that the solution of problems follows from the facts expressed in the representation. The heuristic part is the mechanism that on the basis of the information solves the problem and decides what to do. (McCarthy & Hayes, 1969, p. 466)Many scientists implicitly assume that, among all animals, the behavior and intelligence of nonhuman primates are most like our own. Nonhuman primates have relatively larger brains and proportionally more neocortex than other species... and it now seems likely that humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas shared a common ancestor as recently as 5 to 7 million years ago.... This assumption about the unique status of primate intelligence is, however, just that: an assumption. The relations between intelligence and measures of brain size is poorly understood, and evolutionary affinity does not always ensure behavioral similarity. Moreover, the view that nonhuman primates are the animals most like ourselves coexists uneasily in our minds with the equally pervasive view that primates differ fundamentally from us because they lack language; lacking language, they also lack many of the capacities necessary for reasoning and abstract thought. (Cheney & Seyfarth, 1990, p. 4)Few constructs are asked to serve as many functions in psychology as is the construct of human intelligence.... Consider four of the main functions addressed in theory and research on intelligence, and how they differ from one another.1. Biological. This type of account looks at biological processes. To qualify as a useful biological construct, intelligence should be a biochemical or biophysical process or at least somehow a resultant of biochemical or biophysical processes.2. Cognitive approaches. This type of account looks at molar cognitive representations and processes. To qualify as a useful mental construct, intelligence should be specifiable as a set of mental representations and processes that are identifiable through experimental, mathematical, or computational means.3. Contextual approaches. To qualify as a useful contextual construct, intelligence should be a source of individual differences in accomplishments in "real-world" performances. It is not enough just to account for performance in the laboratory. On [sic] the contextual view, what a person does in the lab may not even remotely resemble what the person would do outside it. Moreover, different cultures may have different conceptions of intelligence, which affect what would count as intelligent in one cultural context versus another.4. Systems approaches. Systems approaches attempt to understand intelligence through the interaction of cognition with context. They attempt to establish a link between the two levels of analysis, and to analyze what forms this link takes. (Sternberg, 1994, pp. 263-264)High but not the highest intelligence, combined with the greatest degrees of persistence, will achieve greater eminence than the highest degree of intelligence with somewhat less persistence. (Cox, 1926, p. 187)There are no definitive criteria of intelligence, just as there are none for chairness; it is a fuzzy-edged concept to which many features are relevant. Two people may both be quite intelligent and yet have very few traits in common-they resemble the prototype along different dimensions.... [Intelligence] is a resemblance between two individuals, one real and the other prototypical. (Neisser, 1979, p. 185)Given the complementary strengths and weaknesses of the differential and information-processing approaches, it should be possible, at least in theory, to synthesise an approach that would capitalise upon the strength of each approach, and thereby share the weakness of neither. (Sternberg, 1977, p. 65)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Intelligence
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13 Science
It is a common notion, or at least it is implied in many common modes of speech, that the thoughts, feelings, and actions of sentient beings are not a subject of science.... This notion seems to involve some confusion of ideas, which it is necessary to begin by clearing up. Any facts are fitted, in themselves, to be a subject of science, which follow one another according to constant laws; although those laws may not have been discovered, nor even to be discoverable by our existing resources. (Mill, 1900, B. VI, Chap. 3, Sec. 1)One class of natural philosophers has always a tendency to combine the phenomena and to discover their analogies; another class, on the contrary, employs all its efforts in showing the disparities of things. Both tendencies are necessary for the perfection of science, the one for its progress, the other for its correctness. The philosophers of the first of these classes are guided by the sense of unity throughout nature; the philosophers of the second have their minds more directed towards the certainty of our knowledge. The one are absorbed in search of principles, and neglect often the peculiarities, and not seldom the strictness of demonstration; the other consider the science only as the investigation of facts, but in their laudable zeal they often lose sight of the harmony of the whole, which is the character of truth. Those who look for the stamp of divinity on every thing around them, consider the opposite pursuits as ignoble and even as irreligious; while those who are engaged in the search after truth, look upon the other as unphilosophical enthusiasts, and perhaps as phantastical contemners of truth.... This conflict of opinions keeps science alive, and promotes it by an oscillatory progress. (Oersted, 1920, p. 352)Most of the fundamental ideas of science are essentially simple, and may, as a rule, be expressed in a language comprehensible to everyone. (Einstein & Infeld, 1938, p. 27)A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it. (Planck, 1949, pp. 33-34)[Original quotation: "Eine neue wissenschaftliche Wahrheit pflegt sich nicht in der Weise durchzusetzen, dass ihre Gegner ueberzeugt werden und sich as belehrt erklaeren, sondern vielmehr dadurch, dass die Gegner allmaehlich aussterben und dass die heranwachsende Generation von vornherein mit der Wahrheit vertraut gemacht ist." (Planck, 1990, p. 15)]I had always looked upon the search for the absolute as the noblest and most worth while task of science. (Planck, 1949, p. 46)If you cannot-in the long run-tell everyone what you have been doing, your doing has been worthless. (SchroЁdinger, 1951, pp. 7-8)Even for the physicist the description in plain language will be a criterion of the degree of understanding that has been reached. (Heisenberg, 1958, p. 168)The old scientific ideal of episteґmeґ-of absolutely certain, demonstrable knowledge-has proved to be an idol. The demand for scientific objectivity makes it inevitable that every scientific statement must remain tentative forever. It may indeed be corroborated, but every corroboration is relative to other statements which, again, are tentative. Only in our subjective experiences of conviction, in our subjective faith, can we be "absolutely certain." (Popper, 1959, p. 280)The layman, taught to revere scientists for their absolute respect for the observed facts, and for the judiciously detached and purely provisional manner in which they hold scientific theories (always ready to abandon a theory at the sight of any contradictory evidence) might well have thought that, at Miller's announcement of this overwhelming evidence of a "positive effect" [indicating that the speed of light is not independent from the motion of the observer, as Einstein's theory of relativity demands] in his presidential address to the American Physical Society on December 29th, 1925, his audience would have instantly abandoned the theory of relativity. Or, at the very least, that scientists-wont to look down from the pinnacle of their intellectual humility upon the rest of dogmatic mankind-might suspend judgment in this matter until Miller's results could be accounted for without impairing the theory of relativity. But no: by that time they had so well closed their minds to any suggestion which threatened the new rationality achieved by Einstein's world-picture, that it was almost impossible for them to think again in different terms. Little attention was paid to the experiments, the evidence being set aside in the hope that it would one day turn out to be wrong. (Polanyi, 1958, pp. 12-13)The practice of normal science depends on the ability, acquired from examplars, to group objects and situations into similarity sets which are primitive in the sense that the grouping is done without an answer to the question, "Similar with respect to what?" (Kuhn, 1970, p. 200)Science in general... does not consist in collecting what we already know and arranging it in this or that kind of pattern. It consists in fastening upon something we do not know, and trying to discover it. (Collingwood, 1972, p. 9)Scientific fields emerge as the concerns of scientists congeal around various phenomena. Sciences are not defined, they are recognized. (Newell, 1973a, p. 1)This is often the way it is in physics-our mistake is not that we take our theories too seriously, but that we do not take them seriously enough. I do not think it is possible really to understand the successes of science without understanding how hard it is-how easy it is to be led astray, how difficult it is to know at any time what is the next thing to be done. (Weinberg, 1977, p. 49)Science is wonderful at destroying metaphysical answers, but incapable of providing substitute ones. Science takes away foundations without providing a replacement. Whether we want to be there or not, science has put us in a position of having to live without foundations. It was shocking when Nietzsche said this, but today it is commonplace; our historical position-and no end to it is in sight-is that of having to philosophize without "foundations." (Putnam, 1987, p. 29)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Science
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